Genomics and Big Data Analytics in Ayurvedic Medicine
IMT News Desk
Oneneeds to start collecting, structuring, and organising its information without compromising the aspects of heterogeneity in disease management and individuality aspects to start objectifying the beneficial aspects of Ayurveda for its integration with mainstream medicine. Mitali Mukerji, Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi and Michael Sagner, MD, European Society of Preventive Medicine, London give an insight
We are witnessing a paradigm shift from a reactive healthcare model to Predictive, Preventive, Personalised,
and Participatory medicine for holistic and proactive management of health across the entire lifespan in the 21st
century. Innovative strategies are needed for this to be implemented and affordable across diverse populations
and in resource constraint settings.Embracing the tenets of traditional medicine practices that have evolved in different parts of the world to address local and global needs has found many proponents in recent times.
Modern technology such as big data analytics can help to make traditional knowledge-based medical approaches “evidence-based” by unveiling previously “invisible” information about their efficacy, interactions, and effects.
Ayurveda is one of the oldest known medical systems in human history, an ancient Indian approach to holistic medicine that is still contemporary and encompasses all aspects of Predictive, Preventive, Personalised, and Participatory medicine for dealing with healthy and diseased individuals with an additional component of promotion of health. Although, 75 per cent of Indians avail Ayurveda, a major fraction map to rural India where it is the preferred primary healthcare system.
In Ayurveda, individuals are classified based on their constitution types Prakriti which allows the practitioners
to ascertain their baseline homeostatic states, assess perturbations during disease states (Vikriti), and recommend customised therapy for restoring homeostasis. A multi-pronged approach using genomics (Ayurgenomics) has provided the scientific basis of Prakriti principles of Ayurveda for understanding
human genetic individuality and its potential in stratified medicine.
The exhaustive documentation of Ayurveda provides a generic framework that allows practitioners to diversify, evolve, and customise a variety of approaches in disease management keeping the local biodiversity, demographics, and spatiotemporal aspects in context. A trained Ayurveda practitioner can treat a multitude of diseases even though they may specialise in treatment modalities and therapies. This, however, to a modern audience conveys the impression that the system does not conform to set protocols. Because many preventive aspects of Ayurveda are enmeshed in Indian traditional living, most times these are also mistaken as grandmother’s recipes and concoctions. Even if registered Ayurveda practitioners prescribe interventions and treatments, individuals who avail both conventional and ayurvedic medicine for chronic conditions are hesitant to reveal this to a treating contemporary physician.
Thus, one cannot gauge the efficacy of Ayurveda during combination therapy and only during rare cases of side
effects does it gets highlighted. Besides, evidence for well-controlled clinical trials and systematic research reviews is sparsely available in digital form.
To start objectifying the beneficial aspects of Ayurveda for its integration with mainstream medicine, one needs to start collecting, structuring, and organising its information without compromising the aspects of heterogeneity in disease management and individuality aspects. This should also be amenable to the big data analytics framework and portability for sharing and dissemination in a language that is contemporary. The publication on “Big data analysis of traditional knowledge-based Ayurveda medicine” by the Chauhan and Brahmachari group published in the journal is the first of its kind in this direction, which provides a snapshot of its practice through digital records.
300 Ayurveda doctors took part in the study which analyzed 353,000 patients’ data digitally captured records
over teleconsultation and in-person consultations in the lead author’s telemedicine JIVA enterprise (Jiva
Ayurveda, Faridabad, India). This study addressed a few aspects, such as the general demographics of the opulation, the kinds of diseases which individuals approach an Ayurveda practitioner, what practitioners cure, and the perceived side effects due to drug– herbal interactions, etc. The study has first curated and collated descriptive stats from records of individuals’ profiles to age, sex, region, chronicity, nature of disease perturbation
described by Vikriti, disease morbidity and comorbid conditions, and reported the effectiveness of the treatment. It reveals that a bulk of the fraction comprises individuals who have chronic non-communicable diseases for more than five years and comprise five main organ systems, namely, digestive (30.6 per cent), endocrine (14.6 per cent), skeleton (13.5 per cent), skin (11.2 per cent), nervous (7.6 per cent), and respiratory (7.4 per cent). Furthermore, they have used state-of-the-art big data analytics techniques to not only understand the underlying structure of data but also the comorbidity pattern and differences across age and gender.
For the first time, this study not only provides a framework for big data analytics on Ayurveda health records but also provides insights into diseases for which it could be a preferred choice for alternative treatment and the target population. For example, the digestive system gets highlighted as a major ailment for which individuals avail Ayurveda medicine across gender and different age groups. Through their analysis of patterns of prevalence in early and later ages for a disease of a particular organ system, the authors highlight the need for longitudinal trials on a controlled population to see if further progress in these diseases can be controlled through Ayurveda. One such example is the endocrine system wherein obesity is observed between 20 and 40 years and diabetes in 40–60 years, respectively. Although biases in the kind of people who approach Ayurveda through telemedicine cannot be ruled out, the authors provide evidence of similar trends in telemedicine versus hospital settings.
Although it might be in the authors’ interest to highlight the effectiveness of their treatment as a stakeholder with a declared commercial interest, digitisation of records ensures the testability of claims and also highlights aspects where there is further scope for validation and development. For instance, it provides a framework that can be integrated and implemented in diverse settings, including modern clinics for assessing the outcomes of alternative medicines. This is relevant in diseases where either the costs of the treatment become extremely prohibitive or the quality of life is majorly compromised due to long-term medications, dietary restrictions, or side effects. These would be important in autoimmune conditions and complex diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, Celiac’s, Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, multiple sclerosis, ulcerative colitis, and inflammatory bowel diseases to name a few. Also under cancerous conditions, where comorbid conditions primarily arise due to side effects of intensive therapies, patients are increasingly seeking alternative therapies. Comprehending this enormous maze of information on clinical phenotypes, objective clinical measures from advanced imaging instruments multiomic readouts and other state-of-art intervention technologies, however, need a Big Data framework. This also provides an opportunity for the participation of other stakeholders in the development of an innovative framework that could enable the aggregation of information from a heterogeneous set of practitioners and from individuals’ experiences who avail dual systems of medicine and in diverse settings.
An immense opportunity now exists for
(1) increasing Ayurveda’s acceptability through building scientific credence,
2) providing affordable healthcare through its stratified approach and integration in preventive and management aspects, and
(3) its global adoption through a generic framework. Although telemedicine has the power of outreach and digitisation, it might be worthwhile to consider that an increase in objectivity does not lead to fragmentation of the system’s essence of a holistic and personalised approach. Long overlooked by Western science, traditional treatments can yield useful interventions for prevention and treatment. However, alternative medicine often provides patients with too many unscientific options. At the same time, most physicians and patients are unaware of the relative benefits of ancient systems like Ayurvedic medicine. An informed choice based on scientific evidence can guide individuals to the most effective and appropriate health interventions. A closer scientific look at Ayurvedic medicine using modern technologies should be in the interest of the patients, physicians, and other stakeholders to improve the quality of life across the health span.
